Market Snapshot
CAGR:7.85
Study Period |
2019-2032 |
Base Year |
2023 |
Forcast Year |
2023-2032 |
CAGR |
7.85 |
Report Overview
In this report, the United States Residential Combined Heat and Power market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.
Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:
The West
Southwest
The Middle Atlantic
New England
The South
The Midwest
with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Residential Combined Heat and Power in these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast).
United States Residential Combined Heat and Power market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Residential Combined Heat and Power sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including
Yanmar
Sumitomo
Toshiba Fuel Cell Power Systems
Marathon Engine Systems
BDR Thermea
Clarke Energy
Qnergy
Dong Energy
Sonic Development
Honda
MTT Micro Turbine Technology
On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into
Fuel Cell
Engine
Micro Turbine
On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate for each application, including
Countryside
Urban
If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.
Table of Contents
United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Market Report 2017
1 Residential Combined Heat and Power Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Residential Combined Heat and Power
1.2 Classification of Residential Combined Heat and Power by Product Category
1.2.1 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)
1.2.2 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
1.2.3 Fuel Cell
1.2.4 Engine
1.2.5 Micro Turbine
1.3 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Market by Application/End Users
1.3.1 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2012-2022)
1.3.2 Countryside
1.3.3 Urban
1.4 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Market by Region
1.4.1 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)
1.4.2 The West Residential Combined Heat and Power Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.4.3 Southwest Residential Combined Heat and Power Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Residential Combined Heat and Power Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.4.5 New England Residential Combined Heat and Power Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.4.6 The South Residential Combined Heat and Power Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.4.7 The Midwest Residential Combined Heat and Power Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Residential Combined Heat and Power (2012-2022)
1.5.1 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
1.5.2 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
2 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Market Competition by Players/Suppliers
2.1 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.2 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.3 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.4 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.4.1 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Market Concentration Rate
2.4.2 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Residential Combined Heat and Power Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type
3 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales (Volume) and Revenue (Value) by Region (2012-2017)
3.1 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.2 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.3 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Price by Region (2012-2017)
4 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales (Volume) and Revenue (Value) by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)
4.1 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)
4.2 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
4.3 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Price by Type (2012-2017)
4.4 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)
5 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales (Volume) by Application (2012-2017)
5.1 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
5.2 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities
6 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Players/Suppliers Profiles and Sales Data
6.1 Yanmar
6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
6.1.2 Residential Combined Heat and Power Product Category, Application and Specification
6.1.2.1 Product A
6.1.2.2 Product B
6.1.3 Yanmar Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Sumitomo
6.2.2 Residential Combined Heat and Power Product Category, Application and Specification
6.2.2.1 Product A
6.2.2.2 Product B
6.2.3 Sumitomo Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Toshiba Fuel Cell Power Systems
6.3.2 Residential Combined Heat and Power Product Category, Application and Specification
6.3.2.1 Product A
6.3.2.2 Product B
6.3.3 Toshiba Fuel Cell Power Systems Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Marathon Engine Systems
6.4.2 Residential Combined Heat and Power Product Category, Application and Specification
6.4.2.1 Product A
6.4.2.2 Product B
6.4.3 Marathon Engine Systems Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 BDR Thermea
6.5.2 Residential Combined Heat and Power Product Category, Application and Specification
6.5.2.1 Product A
6.5.2.2 Product B
6.5.3 BDR Thermea Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Clarke Energy
6.6.2 Residential Combined Heat and Power Product Category, Application and Specification
6.6.2.1 Product A
6.6.2.2 Product B
6.6.3 Clarke Energy Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Qnergy
6.7.2 Residential Combined Heat and Power Product Category, Application and Specification
6.7.2.1 Product A
6.7.2.2 Product B
6.7.3 Qnergy Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Dong Energy
6.8.2 Residential Combined Heat and Power Product Category, Application and Specification
6.8.2.1 Product A
6.8.2.2 Product B
6.8.3 Dong Energy Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Sonic Development
6.9.2 Residential Combined Heat and Power Product Category, Application and Specification
6.9.2.1 Product A
6.9.2.2 Product B
6.9.3 Sonic Development Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Honda
6.10.2 Residential Combined Heat and Power Product Category, Application and Specification
6.10.2.1 Product A
6.10.2.2 Product B
6.10.3 Honda Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 MTT Micro Turbine Technology
7 Residential Combined Heat and Power Manufacturing Cost Analysis
7.1 Residential Combined Heat and Power Key Raw Materials Analysis
7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
7.2.1 Raw Materials
7.2.2 Labor Cost
7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Residential Combined Heat and Power
8 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers
8.1 Residential Combined Heat and Power Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Residential Combined Heat and Power Major Manufacturers in 2016
8.4 Downstream Buyers
9 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.1.1 Direct Marketing
9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
9.2.2 Brand Strategy
9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List
10 Market Effect Factors Analysis
10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change
11 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Market Size (Value and Volume) Forecast (2017-2022)
11.1 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)
11.2 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
11.3 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
11.4 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
12 Research Findings and Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Product Picture of Residential Combined Heat and Power
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Market Size (MW) by Type (2012-2022)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
Figure Fuel Cell Product Picture
Figure Engine Product Picture
Figure Micro Turbine Product Picture
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Market Size (MW) by Application (2012-2022)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Residential Combined Heat and Power by Application in 2016
Figure Countryside Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Countryside
Figure Urban Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Urban
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2012-2022)
Figure The West Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southwest Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure New England Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The South of US Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Midwest Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales (MW) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (MW) (2012-2017)
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales (MW) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Residential Combined Heat and Power Average Price (USD/KW) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure United States Market Residential Combined Heat and Power Average Price (USD/KW) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2016
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Residential Combined Heat and Power Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Residential Combined Heat and Power Product Category
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales (MW) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Price (USD/KW) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales (MW) by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Market Share by Type in 2016
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Residential Combined Heat and Power by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Residential Combined Heat and Power by Type in 2016
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Price (USD/KW) by Types (2012-2017)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales (MW) by Application (2012-2017)
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Market Share by Application in 2016
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Table Yanmar Basic Information List
Table Yanmar Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Yanmar Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Yanmar Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Yanmar Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Sumitomo Basic Information List
Table Sumitomo Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Sumitomo Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Sumitomo Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Sumitomo Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Toshiba Fuel Cell Power Systems Basic Information List
Table Toshiba Fuel Cell Power Systems Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Toshiba Fuel Cell Power Systems Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Toshiba Fuel Cell Power Systems Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Toshiba Fuel Cell Power Systems Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Marathon Engine Systems Basic Information List
Table Marathon Engine Systems Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Marathon Engine Systems Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Marathon Engine Systems Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Marathon Engine Systems Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table BDR Thermea Basic Information List
Table BDR Thermea Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure BDR Thermea Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure BDR Thermea Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure BDR Thermea Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Clarke Energy Basic Information List
Table Clarke Energy Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Clarke Energy Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Clarke Energy Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Clarke Energy Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Qnergy Basic Information List
Table Qnergy Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Qnergy Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Qnergy Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Qnergy Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Dong Energy Basic Information List
Table Dong Energy Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Dong Energy Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Dong Energy Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Dong Energy Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Sonic Development Basic Information List
Table Sonic Development Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Sonic Development Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Sonic Development Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Sonic Development Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Honda Basic Information List
Table Honda Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales (MW), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/KW) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Honda Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Honda Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Honda Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table MTT Micro Turbine Technology Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Residential Combined Heat and Power
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Residential Combined Heat and Power
Figure Residential Combined Heat and Power Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Residential Combined Heat and Power Major Players/Suppliers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Residential Combined Heat and Power
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Volume (MW) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Price (USD/KW) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Volume (MW) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Volume (MW) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Volume (MW) Forecast by Type in 2022
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Volume (MW) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Volume (MW) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Volume (MW) Forecast by Application in 2022
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Volume (MW) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Table United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Residential Combined Heat and Power Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2022
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A research methodology is a systematic approach for assessing or conducting a market study. Researchers tend to draw on a variety of both qualitative and quantitative study methods, inclusive of investigations, survey, secondary data and market observation.
Such plans can focus on classifying the products offered by leading market players or simply use statistical models to interpret observations or test hypotheses. While some methods aim for a detailed description of the factors behind an observation, others present the context of the current market scenario.
Now letās take a closer look at the research methods here.
Secondary Research Model
Extensive data is obtained and cumulated on a substantial basis during the inception phase of the research process. The data accumulated is consistently filtered through validation from the in-house database, paid sources as well reputable industry magazines. A robust research study requires an understanding of the overall value chain. Annual reports and financials of industry players are studied thoroughly to have a comprehensive idea of the market taxonomy.
Primary Insights
Post conglomeration of the data obtained through secondary research; a validation process is initiated to verify the numbers or figures. This process is usually performed by having a detailed discussion with the industry experts.
However, we do not restrict our primary interviews only to the industry leaders. Our team covers the entire value chain while verifying the data. A significant number of raw material suppliers, local manufacturers, distributors, and stakeholders are interviewed to make our findings authentic. The current trends which include the drivers, restraints, and opportunities are also derived through the primary research process.
Market Estimation
The market estimation is conducted by analyzing the data collected through both secondary and primary research. This process involves market breakdown, bottom-up and top- down approach.
Moreover, while forecasting the market a comprehensive statistical time series model is designed for each market. Macroeconomic indicators are considered to understand the current trends of the market. Each data point is verified by the process of data triangulation method to arrive at the final market estimates.
Final Presentation
The penultimate process results in a holistic research report. The study equips key industry players to undertake significant strategic decisions through the findings. The report encompasses detailed market information. Graphical representations of the current market trends are also made available in order to make the study highly comprehensible for the reader.